We are committed to promptly evaluating and publishing fully accepted papers in all World Scientific journals. To maintain a high-quality publication, all submissions undergo a rigorous process. Characteristics of the peer review process are as follows:

• Simultaneous submissions of the same manuscript to different journals will not be tolerated.
• Manuscripts with contents outside the scope will not be considered for review.
• Depending on individual journal policy, submissions usually require evaluation by a minimum of two external and impartial suitably qualified experts. In cases where deemed necessary, the editor should consider obtaining further viewpoints.
• It's acknowledged that under exceptional circumstances, especially in specialized and evolving areas, securing two independent peer reviewers might not always be feasible. In such instances, Editors may consider publishing based on a single peer review report. However, they should only proceed with this decision if the peer review report meets the outlined standards.
• All submitted manuscripts are treated as confidential documents. We expect our Board of Reviewing Editors and reviewers to treat manuscripts as confidential material as well.
• Editors and reviewers involved in the review process should disclose conflicts of interest resulting from direct competitive, collaborative, or other relationships with any of the authors, and remove themselves from cases in which such conflicts preclude an objective evaluation. Privileged information or ideas that are obtained through peer review must not be used for competitive gain.
• If an Editor on the journal’s Board submits to the journal, peer review will be conducted independently, and all efforts will be taken to minimize bias in the peer review process.
• Our peer review process is confidential, and the identities of reviewers cannot be revealed.